Aim Market Exploring The Impacts Of Recession - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3154 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The purpose of this study is to explore the repercussions of recession on the British Stock Market particularly expounding its impact on Alternative Investment Market. The study aims to utilise qualitative approach to examine and constitute the relative repercussions of recession upon AIM. For this, an exhaustive literature review of the London Stock Exchange is essential to gain indicative factors relevant to account for the associated risks of recession to AIM. According to research on UK firms, uncertainty shocks typically reduce the responsiveness of firms by more than half, leaving monetary and fiscal policy-makers relatively powerless (Bloom et al, 2007). 1.1 LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE LSE is amongst the oldest stock exchanges in Europe and also the most promising out of the 22 active stock exchanges functioning in Great Britain. It was established in 1801 and has emerged as the largest stock exchanges of the world comprising of number of overseas as well as British companies (London Stock Exchange, 2005). The positioning of London city is beneficial as it let the London Stock Exchange to function during American and Asian sessions. Being a public company its shares are traded on stock exchanges and is considered to be the most international trading floor and about 50% of international transactions with shares are concluded on LSE (London Stock Exchange, 2005). The London Stock Exchange has four main quarters that include equity markets which facilitates companies from across the globe to raise capital (London Stock Exchange, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aim Market Exploring The Impacts Of Recession" essay for you Create order Figure: 01 Source: London Stock Exchange trade statistics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" March 2007 There are the four primary markets that include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Main Market, Alternative Investment Market (AIM), Professional Securities Market (PSM) and Specialist Fund Market (SFM). London Stock Exchange is a highly active market that provides range of trading services including trading in a range of securities as for example, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“UK and international equities, debt, covered warrants, exchange traded funds (ETFs), Exchange Traded Commodities (ETCs), REITs, fixed interest, contracts for difference (CFDs) and depositary receiptsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (London Stock Exchange, 2005). It provides market data information with clarity offering real-time prices, news and other financial information to the global financial community. EDX London, established in 2003serves as a major contributor to derivatives business in order to bring the cash equity and derivatives markets closer together the London Stock Exchange. 1.2 AIM: AN OVERVIEW London Stock Exchange reviewed the unlisted securities market in1993 during the middle of a recession and decided to close it. Quoted Companies Alliance now referred as CISCO was then born and which lead to the establishment of Alternative Investment Market in June 1995 by London Stock Exchange. With its noticeable endurance for several years; AIM has been a considerable success. Rapid growth has been observed in AIM market, commencing its operation in 1995, it has rose over  £24 billion and listed over 2,200 companies, including 276 foreign companies by January 2006 listing1,408 companies from 33 industrial sectors out of which 220 were from overseas countries. Instead of offering shares to the public AIMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 90% of flotations depends on placing the shares with institutions, venture capital trusts and private investors reinforced by European 191 Prospectus Directive (Thronton, 2009). In order to reduce the pool of capital available to buy new AIM shares, the Eu ropean 191 Prospectus Directive requires that, a full prospectus must be issued in both conditions where; the company offers shares to more than 100 persons, other than qualified investors or if a private client broker proffer such shares to more than 100 of their clients (Thronton, 2009).. Based in the city of London, AIM benefits from competitive supply of leading financial services and decently offers direct access to outsized and sophisticated shareholders. AIM has the potential to provide with all the significant financial services as required by the firm for listing, floating, reporting, auditing, broking, public relations, security analysis, printing, legalities, registering shareholders, etc. Rising higher from a percentage of 35.2% in September 2003, the institutional investors owned 40.9% by value of the shares listed on AIM in September 2005(Growth Company Investor, 2005), that consequently accounts for a very substantial institutional contribution of AIM, in small-capitalization market. 1.2.1 MARKET SIZE The multitude of companies traded on AIM come from different parts of the world and signify huge number of industries. At present there are approximately 1500 companies from more than 26 countries that are quoted on the AIM (London Stock Exchange, 2005). There is one common trait shared by all traded companies on AIM and i.e. a dynamic corporate attitude and a strong ambition for business expansion. AIM welcomes companies of varying sizes to become part of even though it was primarily designed for smaller firms, but companies of varying sizes if possessing a desire for growth and profitability, are equally encouraged to join the Alternative Investment Market. 1.2.2 OPERATIONS The operations of AIM are controlled by the London Stock Exchange, having a tendency to work ideal for companies with a capitalization and valuation from $20 million to $300 million. The costs for filings and entry are approximately $600,000, with ongoing annual costs of around $100,000. The range of capital-raising activities tends to be in between $4 million to $40 million with approximately 9 percent average cost of capital. The percentage of retail investment is higher than on the official list and the investors are largely institutional. 1.2.3 KEY STATISTICS Table: 01 AIM 1,635 UK 1,331 International 304 AIM Market Capitalisation  £94.4 Billion AIM IPOs in 2006 278 UK 201 International 77 Capital raised since 1995*  £40.1 Billion Capital raised in 2006*  £15.7 Billion UK  £10.3 Billion International  £5.4 Billion * New listings and further capital raises 1.2.4 DIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION AIM has a diverse market spanning (Figure, 02) in approximately 39 sectors having a number of international companies and investors. The AIM is comprised of key sectors in which there is resource sector that include mining and oil gas, financial sector includes real estate, equity investment instruments and general financial. The industrial sector of AIM is comprise of construction materials, electronic electrical equipment and support services whereas, the consumer services includes media and travel leisure. Apart from US the growth in international companies on AIM is also being driven through Canada, China, India and mainland Europe. Figure: 02 Source: London Stock Exchange trade statistics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" March 2007 1.2.5 MARKET CAPITALISATION According to LSE statistics the international companies listed as UK Top Co are counted as domestic. The US investors 330 international companies are listed with a value of  £36.6bn equivalent to $73.5bn and over 70 US companies listed on AIM has a value of  £2.9bn that is equivalent to $5.8bn (London Stock Exchange, 2005). Figure: 03 Source: London Stock Exchange trade statistics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" March 2007 It is interesting to note that the international companies on AIM are larger than UK companies, with an average market capitalisation at 31 December 2007 of  £99.2 million compared with  £46.9 million for UK registered companies. The market capitalisation on Alternative Investment Market is expressed in the Figure, 03. It is important to signify that AIM is not subject to more extensive regulation and therefore, it offers a wider pool of investors, and this may result in some decline in the cost of capital (Errunza and Miller, 2000). CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Establishing itself as the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most successful growth market after being launched by the London Stock Exchange (LSE) in 1995, AIM provides opportunity to raise capital and a liquid market place to trade shares for small and medium sized growing companies. Over 3000 small growth companies have listed on AIM and these companies have raised a total of over  £60 billion, since the commencement of AIM. Global recession has caused complicated market conditions however; there are still some signs of recovery, such as the first major IPO of the year and on the other hand improvement can be observed in trading volumes and average; meanwhile, an improvement in fund raising conditions towards the end of 2009 and through 2010 is also predicted by the brokers and other market commentators (Thronton, 2009). In order to conserve its position in the market AIM has to become accustomed with current market conditions, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“while not losing sight of its roots and emerge as a market focused on providing growing companies with direct access to capitalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Thronton, 2009). The main objective of the literature review is to summarise the existing research work to gain insights on the subject area and also to assess and explain the impacts of recession. The core element of the research is to conduct an empirical study of the relative volatility, analysis of market size, allowance and liquidity ratios of AIM and determining its rate of progression during economic commotion. 2.2 AIM- FACTS AND FIGURES The AIMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trading began on 19 June 1995 and there were only 10 companies listed on the first day of trading. Since the opening of the Third Market in 1987, AIM was Londons first new market and it is split into two indices, the AIM 50 and AIM 100 Index where AIM 50 includes the biggest names on the junior market by attracting fresh, budding and newly expanding firms which were incapable for admittance to the main FTSE lists (London Stock Exchange, 2005). Even after facing criticism for the costs by some experts the market succeeded in making it easier for smaller businesses to raise capital. In accordance with the rules by AIM, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s costs rose up to 20 times higher in comparison to the earlier system. Notwithstanding the cost of raising capital was approximated to be an average of about  £100,000 for an AIM company, as compared to  £1m for a company on the main market (London Stock Exchange, 2005). There are now 1,276 AIM-listed companies. Liquidity among AIM stocks widely varies and the stocks having highest capitalisation and the largest free float represent comparable liquidity levels to the main market. There are a large number of illiquid stocks on the lower end of the market. AIM provides different trading platforms for different types of stock in order to improve the liquidity of the market but its volatility is not significantly diverse than other markets. 2.2.1 STOCK TRADING Large and frequently traded stocks are listed on AIM and there are small, infrequently traded stocks also listed with it therefore; no single trading mechanism is applicable to AIM stocks. Considering the time from the institution of AIM, it has exhibited very rapid growth in trading volumes (London Stock Exchange, 2005) as represented in Table, 02. The average annual growth rates over the period of a decade starting from1996 to the year 2005 are as follows; the turnover was around 36%; number of trades was 28%; and the number of shares traded were 35% approximately. The average number of shares per trade grew by 5% per year, whereas the average value per trade grew by 6% per year, over this period. The growth of trading on AIM occurred in two phases. There was a substantial drop in stock market prices observed during 2001- 2002 where there was negative volume growth which gradually recovered in the year 2003 followed by rapid growth of trading. Table: 02 AIM Trading Volumes for 5 Years Year Turnover ( £m) Number of Trades Number of Shares Traded (m) Average Number of Shares per Trade Average Value per Trade ( £) 2001 4,854.8 706,582 2,866.6 39.63 6.71 2002 3,517.6 449,876 2,491.8 55.08 7.19 2003 6,615.8 823,948 5,762.3 69.83 8.29 2004 18,125.9 1,675,955 9,725.9 58.72 10.15 2005 42,158.2 2,241,323 10,865.5 48.04 18.10 Source: London Stock Exchange (2006) 2.2.2 UNDERSIZED REGULATORY LOAD AIM regulations are designed to reduce burden for companies listing on this exchange. The admission process for AIM takes about three months, depending on circumstances (Audley, 2005) and in order to list on AIM; There is no need for trading record and on the spot listing of start-ups and cash shells; Smaller companies can also list as there is no minimum market capitalization; Reduced costs and time for listing as the admission documents are not pre-vetted by AIM or the U.K. Listing Authority; The lack of a minimum free float for preventing firms to sell off a substantial part of the business to list in AIM; Approval from prior shareholder is not required for acquisitions that also reduces the time and cost of acquisitions. There is an obligation to employ a Nomad at all times for each AIM-listed company. The Nomads carry out three main functions; To make a decision that if a company should be admitted to AIM or not; Managing the floatation process; and Advice the company regarding rules, before and after it has been listed. 2.2.3 COSTS FOR LISTINGS The admission fee of AIM is  £4,180 with a listing fee of  £4,180 per year and a value-added tax to these admission and annual fees is applied to UK companies. The total costs of admission to AIM are about  £350,000 to  £450,000 and a brokerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fees of 3% 6% of any funds raised (Audley, 2005). Nomads are liable to undertake most of this process followed by any subsequent capital-raising and this keeps admission and listing costs under control. The costs to the firm of listing on AIM include: The initial costs to obtain the listing; Followed by initial floatationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s costs of any subsequent capital raising; and The annual costs of maintaining the listing. 2.2.4 THE MAIN MARKET London Stock Exchange is one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leading stock exchanges and AIM offers a great deal of progression to it and vice versa. During a period of January 2000 to December 2004, a total of 160 companies switched between AIM and the main market. About 81% went from the main market to AIM and almost 19% went from AIM to the main market concluding that out of every company graduated from AIM to the main market, four moved in reverse course (Dufour, Sutcliffe and Wells 2005). In accordance with a survey (Baker Tilly, 2005b) 17 firms moved from the main market to AIM and their reason (Table, 03) for moving as constituted by the survey were; Less regulation 53% More Flexibility 41% Less Expensive 24% Tax Benefits 12% Suitability 12%Table: 03 Furthermore, the survey (Baker Tilly 2005b) reveals that 64% of the main market companies considered moving in and back to AIM, out of which 26% actually planned to move whereas the rest of 34% companies considered it beneficial due to lack of provisional parameters, trouble-free acquisitions, greater flexibility and tax advantages. 2.2.5 TAXATION The following areas of tax relief are available for individual investors in U.K. companies listed on AIM (Baker Tilly, 2005a): The business asset taper relief tends to minimise the effective tax rate of capital gains tax up to 40% 10%. In gift relief a capital gains tax is overdue until a subsequent disposal by the recipient. Investment in AIM trading companies leads to indemnity from inheritance tax. Enterprise investment scheme offers relief from both income tax and capital gains tax. From the initial investment in new AIM shares about one fifth of the cost can be counterbalanced against income tax. In addition any capital gain is exempt from capital gains tax, while any capital loss (less the 20% income tax relief) can be offset against capital gains elsewhere. Investors are exempt from tax on dividends from the Venture Capital Trusts, and capital gains on their shares in the VCT. Investors also receive an initial income tax relief equal to 40% of their investment in new VCT shares. 2.2.6 REQUIREMENTS AND LISTING PROCEDURE Companies listed on AIM have to assign a nominated adviser to serve as their sponsor or representative and is responsible to prepare the prospectus in order to admit the issuer for trading on AIM. The function of a nomad is to assists the company in raising its initial capital provide market making and research for the issuers stock with the help of its brokerage and research departments. The contractual activities and correlation between the issuer and its nomad extends well beyond the initial public offering. Nomad remain active even after the initial listing on AIM so that a small issuer does not end up being left alone in a stock market crisis. New rules and regulations were instituted both for nomads and companies listed on the AIM exchange, in Feb, 2007. To provide further guidance and to illuminate the regulatory issues concerning disclosure requirements the rules for nomads and companies were put into practice. Although the changes to AIM rules are evolutionary rather than re volutionary, Nomads should not under-estimate the Exchanges emphasis on the responsibility of nomads for preserving the reputation and integrity of AIM (Audley, 2005). 2.3 ASSOCIATED RISKS AND BENEFITS The listing procedure is much more simplified in London Stock Exchange as there is no regulatory authority in the UK so it becomes the responsibility of the sponsoring nomad as a result of which the complete process becomes substantially quicker and inexpensive. The prospectus discloses all information that an investor needs for making an informed investment decision and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s less comprehensive in most cases where the SEC-filed registration statement and the review process, for the most part, is absent (Audley, 2005). Therefore, the SEC governmental review process of the prospectus, the massive amount of periodic regulatory filings and compulsory financial reporting needs are eradicated by listing on AIM. The emerging growth companies are offered with very greater options by eliminating the need for underwriters that are only interested large deals so a great number of foreign companies are flocking to AIM (London Stock Exchange, 2006). Listing on AIM gives an emergi ng growth company the opportunity to go public and raise capital for reasonable fees and under reasonable terms and conditions. AIM rules require not only a nominated broker but also a nominated adviser. There were companies on AIM which caused regulatory nervousness and the big guns at the DTI, Treasury and Stock Exchange focused their canon on nominated advisers. This had a knock-on effect on costs. Nominated advisers lay off their responsibilities on solicitors and accountants who duly reproduce and costs shoot up (London Stock Exchange, 2006). Professional advisers, anxious to minimise the risk of adverse criticism by the regulatory authorities, are now applying Official List standards. This has driven costs up and has damaged the purpose of AIM (London Stock Exchange, 2006). 2.4 FISCAL AGITATION AND AIM Economic recovery is gradual but consistent followed by the recession that hit the stock markets worldwide and for London Stock Exchange, particularly AIM market; there is a need for investment by small companies. The number of companies quoted on AIM, which is the London Stock Exchanges Alternative Investment Market, is now just 1,276 compared with more than 1,600 in the year 2007, which constitutes that, more than one company a day delists from AIM throughout last year (Northedge, 2010). It is also noticeable that notwithstanding the soaring share prices up to 66 per cent in the year 2009, outperforming the main stock market, only 36 new companies joined AIM. It is the lowest annual total since the launch of AIM in1995 and a tiny fraction as compared to the joining of 462 companies that in 2006 (Northedge, 2010). About 290 companies delisted compared with 218 in the year 2008, and others have been liquidating their assets and returning the proceeds to shareholders. Reported by (Wac hman, 2009) in Guardian, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The number of companies having a capital under  £5m or  £10m has halved within two years and approximately two-thirds of AIMs companies are capitalised at less than  £25m and almost10 per cent are valued at below  £2mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Despite share prices falling, the delisting of the small firms has become a basis for the average AIM Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estimation twofold to  £43m since the year 2006. The continued loss of small firms from AIM and some Britains top 200 companies remain there give rise to a fear that AIM will become another version of the main market leaving no alternative for smaller businesses to be quoted. That is already making it harder for small firms to raise capital to invest in Britains economic recovery (Northedge, 2010).

Magazine Review Caped Crusader Essay - 563 Words

Magazine Review: Caped Crusader Design week, Caped Crusader Caped Crusader, Graphic Images from top shelf. Volume 20, Number 19. Caped Crusader costs  £2.80 and is printed every week. It ha 39 pages which have been split into 14 different sections. Caped Crusader contains a range of articles. It starts with a talk from Chee, Senior Designer. which is about the last thing he designed which made millions. The product which Chee made was QuarkXPress65. QuarkXPress65 begins with features made to give you creative freedom instead of annoying limitation. The next three pages of Caped Crusader, are News including information about products, launches,designers and design opportunities.†¦show more content†¦Caped Crusaders news analysis page is about the battle for screen time. It is basically about the BBC broadcast winning the Itv rebrand , but with a budget of around  £1m, Mike Exon asks are the days of big budget screen-branding numbered. It also shows the BBC Broadcast team for ITV which are Jane Walker, Tim Platt, Paula Williams, Vicky Stout and Eve Rawlinson it guids the average weekly viewing and the ITV pitch list. The opinion section of Caped Crusader takes two pages, which is split in to 2 parts which are private views and letters. The pages have been set out in a constructive way with bold headings separating some of the articles. One of the sections give an insight into the private view of different designers. This one was on Hugh Pearman. There is regular sections called inspired this one is about martin grimer. The voxpop section includes letters from people on a set topic like What benefits can such groupings create when they are not physically sharing intellectual capital. The magazine has also a profile section this weeks profile was based on Arik Levy. it has been set out in an eye catching way with the heading at top with pictures of what he has designed between the heading and the profile. It also includes a picture of Arik Levy which isShow MoreRelatedBatman as a Cultural Artefact1104 Words   |  4 Pagesstemming from the crime literature of pulp magazines and the heroic paradigm of the sort of nationalistic propaganda that would compel Americans to support the Allied Powers in WWII. By the 1960s, Batman found himself in the midst of social revolution, however; camp was the fad, politicians and propaganda were mistrusted, and Batman adapted to the changing times by jumping from the page to the screen and embellishing the campy nature inherent in the Caped Crusader. Both the series and the film that followed

Child and young persons development Free Essays

Understand the kinds Of influences that affect CYP’s development Criteria Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect CYP’s development including d) background e) health f) environment 3ackground: The children I’ll be working With Will come from a wide range Of backgrounds that will have an impact on their development, such as family composition, culture and beliefs etc. If a child iS from a different culture or belief from most of the other children in the class, then here may be certain rules in that belief that may stop them being involved in a play activity the other children may be taking part in. The child may feel excluded and lonely their physical development could be affected but also their social development could be affected. We will write a custom essay sample on Child and young persons development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Health: The children and young people come across may have a number of health issues or disabilities. If a child has a disability that restricts them participating n activities this may have an effect not only primarily on their physical development but also their social development. To avod this, the child must be included as best they can and for them to feel valued. Also Is a child is from a low income family they may not nave the correct diet and nutrition to help them to grow. This may also affect their physical development. Environment: The main environments where a CYP develops Will be their school and home. Both at home and atschool if a child is nurtured and given time then they will develop faster and to a higher level. At home whether the CYP is cared for by parents. grandparents or arers then they will be the first people that the child will develop a bond with. Activities such as read too, and with them and letting them know that their opinion matters will help develop positive growth. A child that is sat in front of a computer playing games may not develop and learn key skills as quickly as a child that has lots of interaction with parents/carers, The surrounding area of the home and school can also have an effect. Their development will grow if there are libraries. arks, community centres for Sport and other activities. There they will interact With peer and adults developing a range Of skills. criteria describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development. Recognising an Issue with a CYP’s development Is Important and responding to any concerns is vital! If during work In a school I have a concern about a pup il’s development I would first raise It with the class teacher. I may be asked to record my concerns In-case actions are needed to be taken later. I would need to be sensitive to both the child’s and their parent’s teelngs and even It others have already raised an issue I should still intorm scrTleone senior in the school. An example that may tind of a child’s development being compromised could be a pupil that is new to a school that struggles with English as they may have recently moved to the 13K. This could have an effect on not only their intellectual development through not being able to complete the work done in class, but also their social development. If the pupil has trouble How to cite Child and young persons development, Papers Child and Young Persons Development Free Essays Assignment 005Child and young person development Task AComplete tables Complete the following four tables showing the different stages of development against the different ages, and identify how development is holistic by showing links to other developmental aspects. 1. Physical development 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Child and Young Persons Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intellectual development 3. Communication development 4. Social, emotional and behavioural development (Ref1. 1, 1. 2) Assignment 005Child and young person development Table 1: Physical development Age Range| Description of the stage| An example of how this impacts on another aspect of development| 0-3 months| Reflexes :Swallowing and suckingRooting Graspstartle| | 3-6 months| Lift and turn their heads Interest in playing with fingers | | 6-9 months| Exploring toys and objects in their mouth as well as with fingers Sitting up with supportRolling over from back to front | | 9-12 months| Crawling and rollingSitting up without any supportUsing fingers and feet| | 1-2 years| Standing up and holding on to furniture to move aboutSmall objects being picked up and handled| | 2 -4years| Walking up and down stairs with adults helpSitting and pushing off with legs on sit-and-ride toys| | 4-7 years| Playing on a sit-and-ride toysRunning and climbing Building bricks up, and doing simple jigsaws | | 7-12 years| | | 12-16 years| | | 16-19 years| | | Assignment 005Child and young person development Table 2: Intellectual development Age Range| Description of the stage| An example of how this impacts on another aspect of development| 0-3 months| Kicks legs and waves armsCan lift head and turn when on frontWatches movements of own hands, plays with own handsHolds rattle for a few seconds if placed in hand| | 3-6 months| Uses arms for support when lying on their stomach. Holds on to and shakes small items, Sits with supportRolls over. Pushes head, neck and chest off floor with arms when on frontUses whole hand in palmer grasp, passes toy from one hand to another| | 6-9 months| Sits alone without supportReaches out for toys when sittingMay crawl or shufflePokes at small item with index fingerpick up small items. Will take and hold a small brick in each hand. Lifts block but can only release by dropping. | | 9-12 months| Stands alone and starts to walk holding on to something (settee)Enjoys self-feeding and holding cup with helpPicks up anything tiny from the Starting to show hand preference . Clicks two objects togetherPuts cubes in box when shown| | 1-2 years| Can walk alone, Pushes and pulls toys when walking. Can walk downstairs with hand heldTries to kick a ball, rolls and throws ballSquats to pick up objects from the floorAssists with dressing and undressingCan use a spoon Holds a pencil in scribblesTurns handles Pulls off shoes| | 2-4 years| Walks up and down stairs with both feet on one step. Climbs on furniture, Builds a towers. Uses a spoon for self-feedingPuts shoes on. Draws circles and dots Starts to use preferred hand. | | 4-7 years| | | 7-12 years| | | 12-16 years| | | 16-19 years| | | Assignment 005Child and young person development Table 3: Communication development Age Range| Description of the stage| An example of how this impacts on another aspect of development| 0-3 months| Stop crying when they hear familiar voices | | 3-6 months| . Excitement when it’s time to be feed. Babies will start to notice mobiles and objects around them| | 6-9 months| . Enjoyment when simple games such as pat a cake are repeated curiosity as babies look to see what is happening around them. Babbling, laughing and squealing. | | 9-12 months| Tuneful strings of babblingExploring objects with hands and mouth| | 1-2 years| Waving bye-byePointing at objects to draw adults attentions to a objectLess babbling and more recognisable words| | 2-4 years| | | 4-7 years| | | 7-12 years| | | 12-16 years| | | 16-19 years| | | Assignment 005Child and young person development Table 4: Social, emotional and behavioural development Age Range| Description of the stage| An example of how this impacts on another aspect of development| 0-3 months| . Stop crying when they are picked up.. Start to relax at bath time. fleeting smiles when asleep| | 3-6 months| Stop crying when they are picked up.. Start to relax at bath time. fleeting smiles when asleep| | 6-9 months| Enjoyment of bath timeSmile back when they see a smiling face| | 9-12 months| Trying to stay close by their parents or carer| | 1-2 years| Repetitive play as babys enjoy doing something over and over again| | 2-4 years| Signs of temper and frustration,Interests in other children, | | 4-7 years| | | 7-12 years| | | 12-16 years| | | 16-19 years| | | How to cite Child and Young Persons Development, Papers

Multiple Personalities Do They Really Exist Essay Example For Students

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist? Essay Multiple personalities- the existence of two or more distinctpersonalities or personality states within one person. In actuality, upto ten or even more personalities can coexist within one person, somedocumented cases have revealed over one hundred. But, the questionremains, what exactly is the multiple personality disorder (MPD)? First Iwill look at what exactly the disorder is. It is, in simple terms, manycomplex personalities all inhabiting the same body. At any given time, oneof those personalities is in control of the body. Each one has differenttastes, style, thought process, and many other things that define a person. However, research has proven even more than that. In clinical studies ithas been found that of the different personalities of one person, the eyeprescription, allergies, athletic ability, and even diabetes can exist inone of the personalities and not the others. The person can switch at anygiven time from one personality to another, often not realizing it. Thiscan account for memory loss and time loss in the primary personality, whooften does not have access to the memories of the other personalities. Acommon misconception among the general public is the confusion of MPD withthe disease of schizophrenia. Schizophrenics do NOT have distinctpersonalities, rather, they have hallucinations of voices outside theirheads. Schizophrenia is caused by brain malfunctions and can be treatedwith drugs, whereas suffers of MPD cannot because MPD is an almost purelypsychological disorder. MPD seems to be caused mainly by incredibly violentand terrible childhood abuse. In fact, about 98% of MPD suffe rers wereabused as children. The disorder also occurs between three to nine timesmore in women than men, the person being abused creates otherpersonalities to handle the pain. In the case of a man named Milligan, hisfather beat him and sexually abused him. Then he forced the boy to dig hisown grave, burying him alive with only a stove pipe to breath through. Thenthe father urinated into the pipe onto the boys face. With that kind ofabuse, you either go crazy, die, or develop other personalities. That iswhy, in many people with MPD, there are agitated and distracted childpersonalities. These personalities were created in order to suffer thepain of abuse. When the abuse was over, their call was no longer neededand the primary personality could resume control, dropping with that secondpersonality all memory of the event and continuing as if nothing happened. This type of personality exists in almost all MPD sufferers. Another commonpersonality is the Persecutor personality. This personality is created toabsorb the rage the person feels towards his abusers. It often lashes out,either at other people or at the other personalities, because it believessome of the punishment was their fault. To punish that personality it willoften harm the body of the person, not realizing it is hurting itself inthe process. A final common personality is the Protector personality. Itis created to give a feeling of protection to the child personalities andto try to prevent the Persecutor from lashing out at others or itself. These are obviously not all the personalities, found, but they are the mostcommon. Due to all these conflicting interests the personalities oftenargue with each other. This is why the person often hears voices insidehis head whereas the schizophrenic hears them from outside in the world. Many people dispute the existence of multiple personalities. They arguethat such an idea is impossible and that the people are simply making itup. However, I believe the opposite, and many people share my opinion dueto one study. Around 10 years ago a Dr. Putnam conducted an experiment,whereby he hooked several MPD sufferers up to a machine that measures brainwaves. He then subjected each personality of each person to a set ofstimuli. Each personality reacted differently, the difference was aroundthe same as between two separate people. The control group of volunteersfaking the disorder could produce any difference, indicating to me thatsomething is very different about those states of mind, and they cannotsimply make up the changes in response to stimuli, nor can they fakediabetes and different physical requirements as I stated earlier asexamples in differences of personalities. To move on to treatment, there isvirtually no treatment a psychiatrist can offer other than extensivepsyc hotherapy and hypnosis. In bringing out the suffering that caused thedevelopment of personalities, usually many personalities will fuse into amore complete whole, though some retain a few personalities. Some MPDsufferers would rather keep their personalities, they fear that the specialskills each one has might be lost if they are all fused into one bigpersonality. For one of the most complicated areas of this topic, I willnow discuss crimes. Crimes where a multiple personality is in any wayinvolved immediately become very complicated. Who is at fault? Who istestifying when that person gets on the witness stand? Are they faking itto get an innocent by insanity judgment? It is an easy way out, to lieabout having MPD to get an innocent verdict, and that must be decided bythe jury in a trial. The real problem comes when the MPD person is theplaintiff or defendant. In one example, a woman with twenty or morepersonalities ended up sleeping with a man whom she knew. He claims one ofher per sonalities consented to have sex with him. While having sex, one ofher child personalities came out and she thought she was being raped,though she didnt voice this until afterwards when she complained of beingraped. He does, however, admit to knowing about her disorder. So who isat fault here? I would have to say it is not the mans fault, sheconsented and therefore it was not a rape. However, others claim elsewise. They say that since he knew about her disorder he was takingadvantage of her. I cannot agree, for as long as she consented, he didntintentionally commit any crime and cannot be prosecuted for it, even if itwasnt her main personality, it was still her. The other type of caseinvolving multiple personalities is even more involved, that is where onepersonality commits the crime, to the others horror and surprise. In thiscase, is that person liable for the damage another personality caused? Inthe example of Juanita Maxwell she had a violent personality named Wandawho robbed tw o banks nine years after being acquitted on the insanitydefense for killing a seventy-three year old woman. What do you do withthis person? Do you lock them up and throw away the key? Do you releasethem on grounds of insanity? Seeing as she was acquitted for murder,apparently the legal system thinks they should be allowed to be treated. Iagree with this. However, many people disagree vehemently over thissubject. Many feel they have committed a crime and should be punished thesame as anyone else, and sometimes this happens. However, it happens moreoften with men than women, who are usually steered towards the psychiatrictreatment route and are prosecuted less than men. Men offenders are viewedas brutal beasts, while women are seen as disturbed oftentimes, or at leastthat is how it seems to me. However, offenders with true MPD should not goto jail, where conditions might worsen the disorder due to more abuse andbad conditions. Also, in jail, there is almost no hope for diagnosis andhe lp, so when they are released they will not be any better than when theywent in and will probably offend again. So putting them in jail is hurtingsociety, not helping it by keeping them off the streets. However many aretoo paranoid to realize this, they just want to throw them where they wontbe seen for a long time. These paranoiacs dont look in the long term,just the immediate results. I feel they should go to therapy to help getrid of their problems. Research has shown psychotherapy is the onlyeffective way to help MPD, and it doesnt come in prison. If they go totherapy for 2 years and are cured it helps society more than if they arelocked out of sight for 20 years. So in cases where it can be proven it isa case of MPD I say send them to the psychiatric ward. All in all, multiplepersonalities are kind of an obscure subject. Not much research has beendone on them, though I think they have fascinating potential, both incuriosity and in the effects of mind control on the body as I di scussedearlier, and they should be researched much more. .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 , .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .postImageUrl , .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 , .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33:hover , .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33:visited , .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33:active { border:0!important; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33:active , .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33 .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u727cc730ee7fed61738bc2f776204a33:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: McGwire EssayDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1990 RevisionThe Boston Globe, November 6, 1989The New York Times, April 17 1983Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1990 RevisionThe New York Times, April 17, 1983The New York Times, August 10, 1990St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Oct.10, 1990